Therapeutic targeting of alternative pathway and C5 but not C5a protects from disease development in a preclinical model of autoimmune blistering dermatosis

Björn Laffer 1, Mareike Ohms 1, Samyr Kenno 1, Ping Tsui 2, Elvira Ehlers-Jeske 1, Wenru Song 2, Wen-Chao Song 3 and Jörg Köhl 1

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1560468

Introduction: Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA) is an autoimmune blistering dermatosis characterized by autoantibodies (AAbs) against type VII collagen (COL7) located at the dermal epidermal junction (DEJ). Local complement activation drives C5a generation associated with neutrophil recruitment and activation resulting in skin lesions and inflammation. Here we tested the impact of C5a/C5adesArg, C5 or combined C5 and alternative pathway (AP) targeting on disease development and skin inflammation in a preclinical mouse model mimicking the effector phase of EBA.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated subcutaneously with purified rabbit antimouse-COL7 IgG in the presence of IgG1 mAbs directed against murine C5a/ C5adesArg (M031), C5 (mBB5.1), a bifunctional protein comprising mBB5.1 fused to an active fragment of the AP inhibitor factor H (M014) or an IgG1 isotype control mAb. Formation of skin lesions was evaluated 12 days every other day. On day 12, DEJ separation, IgG AAb and C3b deposition and neutrophil infiltration was assessed.

Results: Isotype IgG1-treated mice developed first skin lesions on day 4 peaking on day 12. Prophylactic treatment with either M031 or M014 markedly reduced the development of skin lesions, the dermal/epidermal separation and neutrophil recruitment. Surprisingly, C5 or combined AP/C5 inhibition by M014 but not C5a/ C5adesArg-targeting by M031 reduced the development of skin lesions and dermal/ epidermal separation in the setting of therapeutic treatment. IgG and C3b deposition was not affected by either treatment. Importantly, direct comparison of isolated C5 targeting by mBB5.1 vs. combined AP/C5 inhibition by M014 revealed that M014 reduced the development of skin lesions earlier and more pronounced than mBB5.1. 

Discussion: Our findings identify combined C5/AP targeting as a novel therapeutic option for autoimmune blistering dermatoses.

KEYWORDS: EBA, complement, C5a, alternative pathway, bullous pemphigoid

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